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高考化学方程式大全(可下载打印)

  • 2026-09-20 01:35:55
高考化学方程式大全(可下载打印)

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高考化学方程式大全

一、非金属单质

(F2、Cl2、 O2、S、N2、P、C、Si) 

(1)、氧化性

F2 + H2 = 2HF (冷暗处 爆炸)

F2 +Xe(过量)=XeF2(产物为白色)

2F2(过量)+Xe=XeF4(产物为白色)

nF2 +2M=2MFn (表示大部分金属)

2F2 +2H2O=4HF+O2

F2 +2NaX=2NaX+Cl2(熔融,不能是溶液)

Cl2 +H2 =2HCl (光照或点燃)

3Cl2 +2P2PCl3

Cl2 +PCl3PCl5

Cl2 +2Na2NaCl

3Cl2 +2Fe2FeCl3

Cl2 +2FeCl2 =2FeCl3

Cl2+CuCuCl2

2Cl2+2NaBr=2NaCl+Br2

Cl2 +2NaI =2NaCl+I2

* 5Cl2+I2+6H2O=2HIO3+10HCl

Cl2 +Na2S=2NaCl+S↓

Cl2 +H2S=2HCl+S↓

Cl2+SO2 +2H2O=H2SO4 +2HCl

Cl2 +H2O2 =2HCl+O2

2O2 +3FeFe3O4

O2+KKO2

S+H2H2S

2S+CCS2

S+FeFeS

S+2CuCu2S

3S+2AlAl2S3

S+ZnZnS

N2+3H22NH3

N2+3MgMg3N2

N2+6Na=2Na3N

P4+6H24PH3

(2)、还原性

S+O2SO2

S+6HNO3(浓)=H2SO4+6NO2+2H2O

3S+4 HNO3(稀)=3SO2+4NO+2H2O

N2+O2=2NO(放电)

4P+5O2P4O10(常写成P2O5)

2P+3X2=2PX3 (X表示F2、Cl2、Br2)

PX3+X2=PX5

P4+20HNO3(浓)=4H3PO4+20NO2+4H2O

C+2F2=CF4

C+2Cl2=CCl4

2C+O2(少量)2CO

C+O2(足量)CO2

C+CO22CO

C+H2OCO+H2(生成水煤气)

2C+SiO2Si+2CO(制得粗硅)

Si(粗)+2Cl2SiCl4

(SiCl4+2H2Si(纯)+4HCl)

Si(粉)+O2SiO2

Si+CSiC(金刚砂)

Si+2NaOH+H2O=Na2SiO3+2H2

(3)、歧化

Cl2+H2O=HCl+HClO

(加酸抑制歧化、加碱或光照促进歧化)

Cl2+2NaOH=NaCl+NaClO+H2O

3Cl2+6NaOH=5NaCl+NaClO3+3H2O

2Cl2+2Ca(OH)2=CaCl2+Ca(ClO)2+2H2O

3Cl2+6KOH(热、浓)=5KCl+KClO3+3H2O

3S+6NaOH2Na2S+Na2SO3+3H2O

* 4P+3KOH(浓)+3H2O=PH3+3KH2PO2

* 11P+15CuSO4+24H2O=5Cu3P+6H3PO4+15H2SO4

3C+CaOCaC2+CO

3C+SiO2SiC+2CO

二、金属单质

(Na、Mg、Al、Fe)

(1)、还原性

2Na+H2=2NaH

4Na+O2=2Na2O

2Na2O+O22Na2O2

2Na+O2=Na2O2

2Na+S=Na2S(爆炸)

2Na+2H2O=2NaOH+H2

2Na+2NH3=2NaNH2+H2

4Na+TiCl4(熔融)=4NaCl+Ti

Mg+Cl2=MgCl2

Mg+Br2=MgBr2

2Mg+O22MgO

Mg+S=MgS

Mg+2H2O=Mg(OH)2+H2

2Mg+TiCl4(熔融)=Ti+2MgCl2

Mg+2RbCl(熔融)=MgCl2+2Rb

2Mg+CO22MgO+C

2Mg+SiO22MgO+Si

Mg+H2S=MgS+H2

Mg+H2SO4=MgSO4+H2

2Al+3Cl22AlCl3

4Al+3O22Al2O3(钝化)

* 4Al(Hg)+3O2+2xH2O=2(Al2O3.xH2O)+4Hg

4Al+3MnO22Al2O3+3Mn

2Al+Cr2O3Al2O3+2Cr

2Al+Fe2O3Al2O3+2Fe

2Al+3FeOAl2O3+3Fe

2Al+6HCl=2AlCl3+3H2

2Al+3H2SO4=Al2(SO4)3+3H2

2Al+6H2SO4(浓)Al2(SO4)3+3SO2↑+6H2O

(Al、Fe、C在冷、浓的H2SO4、HNO3中钝化)

Al+4HNO3(稀)=Al(NO3)3+NO↑+2H2O

2Al+2NaOH+2H2O=2NaAlO2+3H2

2Fe+3Br2=2FeBr3

Fe+I2FeI2

Fe+SFeS

3Fe+4H2O(g)Fe3O4+4H2

Fe+2HCl=FeCl2+H2

Fe+CuCl2=FeCl2+Cu

Fe+SnCl4=FeCl2+SnCl2

(铁在酸性环境下、不能把四氯化锡完全

还原为单质锡 Fe+SnCl2=FeCl2+Sn)

三、非金属氢化物

(HF、HCl、H2O、H2S、NH3)

(1)、还原性

4HCl(浓)+MnO2MnCl2+Cl2+2H2O

4HCl(g)+O22Cl2+2H2O

16HCl+2KMnO4=2KCl+2MnCl2+5Cl2+8H2O

* 14HCl+K2Cr2O7=2KCl+2CrCl3+3Cl2+7H2O

2H2O+2F2=4HF+O2

2H2S+3O2(足量)=2SO2+2H2O

2H2S+O2(少量)=2S+2H2O

2H2S+SO2=3S+2H2O

H2S+H2SO4(浓)=S+SO2+2H2O

3H2S+2HNO3(稀)=3S+2NO+4H2O

5H2S+2KMnO4+3H2SO4=2MnSO4+K2SO4+5S+8H2O

* 3H2S+K2Cr2O7+4H2SO4=Cr2(SO4)3+K2SO4+3S+7H2O

* H2S+4Na2O2+2H2O=Na2SO4+6NaOH

2NH3+3CuO3Cu+N2+3H2O

2NH3+3Cl2=N2+6HCl

8NH3+3Cl2=N2+6NH4Cl

4NH3+3O2(纯氧)2N2+6H2O

4NH3+5O24NO+6H2O

4NH3+6NO5N2+6HO(用氨清除NO)

NaH+H2O=NaOH+H2

* 4NaH+TiCl4=Ti+4NaCl+2H2

CaH2+2H2O=Ca(OH)2+2H2

(2)、酸性

4HF+SiO2=SiF4+2H2O

(此反应广泛应用于测定矿样或钢样中SiO2的含量)

2HF+CaCl2=CaF2+2HCl

H2S+Fe=FeS+H2

H2S+CuCl2=CuS+2HCl

H2S+2AgNO3=Ag2S+2HNO3

H2S+HgCl2=HgS+2HCl

H2S+Pb(NO3)2=PbS+2HNO3

H2S+FeCl2=不反应

2NH3+2Na=2NaNH2+H2

(NaNH2+H2O=NaOH+NH3)

(3)、碱性

NH3+HCl=NH4Cl(白烟)

NH3+HNO3=NH4NO3(白烟)

2NH3+H2SO4=(NH4)2SO4

NH3+NaCl+H2O+CO2=NaHCO3↓+NH4Cl

(侯氏制碱法)

(此反应用于工业制备小苏打、苏打)

(4)、不稳定性

2HIH2+I2

2H2O2H2↑+O2

2H2O2=2H2O+O2

H2SH2+S

四、非金属氧化物

(1)、低价态的还原性

2SO2+O22SO3

2SO2+O2+2H2O=2H2SO4

(这是SO2在大气中缓慢发生的环境化学反应)

SO2+Cl2+2H2O=H2SO4+2HCl

SO2+Br2+2H2O=H2SO4+2HBr

SO2+I2+2H2O=H2SO4+2HI

* SO2+NO2=SO3+NO

2NO+O2=2NO2

NO+NO2+2NaOH=2NaNO2+H2O

(用于制硝酸工业中吸收尾气中的NO和NO2)

2CO+O22CO2

CO+CuOCu+CO2

3CO+Fe2O32Fe+3CO2

CO+H2OCO2+H2

(2)、氧化性

SO2+2H2S=3S+2H2O

* SO3+2KI=K2SO3+I2

NO2+2KI+H2O=NO+I2+2KOH

(不能用淀粉KI溶液鉴别溴蒸气和NO2)

* 4NO2+H2S=4NO+SO3+H2O

2Mg + CO22MgO+C

(CO2不能用于扑灭由Mg、Ca、Ba、Na、K等燃烧的火灾)

* SiO2+2H2Si+2H2O

* SiO2+2Mg2MgO+Si

(3)、与水的作用

SO2+H2O=H2SO3

SO3+H2O=H2SO4

3NO2+H2O=2HNO3+NO

N2O5+H2O=2HNO3

P2O5+H2O(冷)=2HPO3

P2O5+3H2O(热)=2H3PO4

(P2O5极易吸水、可作气体干燥剂

* P2O5+3H2SO4(浓)=2H3PO4+3SO3

CO2+H2O=H2CO3

(4)、与碱性物质的作用

SO2+2NH3+H2O=(NH4)2SO3

SO2+ (NH4)2SO3+H2O=2NH4HSO3

(这是硫酸厂回收SO2的反应.先用氨水吸收SO2

再用H2SO4处理 2NH4HSO3+H2SO4

(NH4)2SO4+2H2O+2SO2

生成的硫酸铵作化肥、SO2循环作原料气)

SO2+Ca(OH)2=CaSO3+H2O

(不能用澄清石灰水鉴别SO2和CO2.可用品红鉴别)

SO3+MgO=MgSO4

SO3+Ca(OH)2=CaSO4+H2O

CO2+2NaOH(过量)=Na2CO3+H2O

CO2(过量)+NaOH=NaHCO3

CO2+Ca(OH)2(过量)=CaCO3+H2O

2CO2(过量)+Ca(OH)2=Ca(HCO3)2

CO2+2NaAlO2+3H2O=2Al(OH)3+Na2CO3

CO2+C6H5ONa+H2O=C6H5OH+NaHCO3

SiO2+CaOCaSiO3

SiO2+2NaOH=Na2SiO3+H2O

(常温下强碱缓慢腐蚀玻璃)

SiO2+Na2CO3Na2SiO3+CO2

SiO2+CaCO3CaSiO3+CO2

五、金属氧化物

(1)、低价态的还原性

6FeO+O22Fe3O4

FeO+4HNO3=Fe(NO3)3+NO2↑+2H2O

(2)、氧化性

Na2O2+2Na=2Na2O

(此反应用于制备Na2O)

MgO、Al2O3几乎没有氧化性、很难被还原为Mg、Al.

一般通过电解熔融态的MgCl2和Al2O3制Mg和Al.

Fe2O3+3H2=2Fe+3H2O (制还原铁粉)

Fe3O4+4H23Fe+4H2O

(3)、与水的作用

Na2O+H2O=2NaOH

2Na2O2+2H2O=4NaOH+O2

(此反应分两步Na2O2+2H2O=2NaOH+H2O2 ;

2H2O2=2H2O+O2↑. H2O2的制备可利用类似的反应

BaO2+H2SO4(稀)=BaSO4+H2O2)

MgO+H2O=Mg(OH)2 (缓慢反应)

(4)、与酸性物质的作用

Na2O+SO3=Na2SO4

Na2O+CO2=Na2CO3

Na2O+2HCl=2NaCl+H2O

2Na2O2+2CO2=2Na2CO3+O2

Na2O2+H2SO4(冷、稀)=Na2SO4+H2O2

MgO+SO3=MgSO4

MgO+H2SO4=MgSO4+H2O

Al2O3+3H2SO4=Al2(SO4)3+3H2O

(Al2O3是两性氧化物

Al2O3+2NaOH=2NaAlO2+H2O)

FeO+2HCl=FeCl2+3H2O

Fe2O3+6HCl=2FeCl3+3H2O

Fe3O4+8HCl(浓)FeCl2+2FeCl3+4H2O

六、含氧酸

(1)、氧化性

* 4HClO3+3H2S=3H2SO4+4HCl

* HClO3+HI=HIO3+HCl

* 3HClO+HI=HIO3+3HCl

HClO+H2SO3=H2SO4+HCl

HClO+H2O2=HCl+H2O+O2

(氧化性HClO>HClO2>HClO3>HClO4

但浓、热的HClO4氧化性很强)

2H2SO4(浓)+CCO2 +2SO2+2H2O

2H2SO4(浓)+S=3SO2↑+2H2O

H2SO4(浓)、 HNO3(浓)+Fe(Al) 室温或冷的条件下钝化

6H2SO4(浓)+2Fe=Fe2(SO4)3+3SO2↑+6H2O

2H2SO4(浓)+CuCuSO4+SO2↑+2H2O

H2SO4(浓)+2HBrSO2+Br2+2H2O

H2SO4(浓)+2HISO2+I2+2H2O

H2SO4(稀)+Fe=FeSO4+H2

2H2SO3+2H2S=3S↓+2H2O

4HNO3(浓)+CCO2↑+4NO2↑+2H2O

* 6HNO3(浓)+S=H2SO4+6NO2↑+2H2O

* 5HNO3(浓)+P=H3PO4+5NO2↑+H2O

6HNO3+Fe=Fe(NO3)3+3NO2↑+3H2O

4HNO3+Fe=Fe(NO3)3+NO↑+2H2O

30HNO3+8Fe=8Fe(NO3)3+3N2O↑+15H2O

36HNO3+10Fe=10Fe(NO3)3+3N2↑+18H2O

30HNO3+8Fe=8Fe(NO3)3+3NH4NO3+9H2O

(2)、还原性

H2SO3+X2+H2O=H2SO4+2HX(X表示Cl2、Br2、I2)

2H2SO3+O2=2H2SO4H2SO3+H2O2=H2SO4+H2O

5H2SO3+2KMnO4=2MnSO4+K2SO4+2H2SO4+3H2O

H2SO3+2FeCl3+H2O=H2SO4+2FeCl2+2HCl

(3)、酸性

H2SO4(浓) +CaF2=CaSO4+2HF

H2SO4(浓)+NaClNaHSO4+HCl

H2SO4(浓) +2NaClNa2SO4+2HCl

H2SO4(浓)+NaNO3NaHSO4+HNO3↑(微热)

3H2SO4(浓)+Ca3(PO4)2=3CaSO4+2H3PO4

2H2SO4(浓)+Ca3(PO4)2=2CaSO4+Ca(H2PO4)2

3HNO3+Ag3PO4=H3PO4+3AgNO3

2HNO3+CaCO3=Ca(NO3)2+H2O+CO2

(用HNO3和浓H2SO4不能制备H2S、HI、HBr、(SO2)

等还原性气体)

4H3PO4+Ca3(PO4)2=3Ca(H2PO4)2(重钙)

H3PO4(浓)+NaBr=NaH2PO4+HBr

H3PO4(浓)+NaI=NaH2PO4+HI

(4)、不稳定性

2HClO=2HCl+O2↑(见光或受热分解)

4HNO3=4NO2+O2+2H2O(见光或受热分解)

H2SO3=H2O+SO2H2CO3=H2O+CO2

H4SiO4=H2SiO3+H2O

七、碱

(1)、低价态的还原性

4Fe(OH)2+O2+2H2O=4Fe(OH)3

(2)、与酸性物质的作用

2NaOH+SO2(少量)=Na2SO3+H2O

NaOH+SO2(足量)=NaHSO3

2NaOH+SiO2=Na2SiO3+H2O

2NaOH+Al2O3=2NaAlO2+H2O

2NaOH+Cl2=NaCl+NaClO+H2O

NaOH+HCl=NaCl+H2O

NaOH+H2S(足量)=NaHS+H2O

2NaOH+H2S(少量)=Na2S+2H2O

3NaOH+AlCl3=Al(OH)3↓+3NaCl

NaOH+Al(OH)3=NaAlO2+2H2O

NaOH+NH4ClNaCl+NH3↑+H2O

Mg(OH)2+2NH4Cl=MgCl2+2NH3+H2O

Al(OH)3+NH4Cl 不溶解

(3)、不稳定性

Mg(OH)2MgO+H2O

2Al(OH)3Al2O3+3H2O

2Fe(OH)3Fe2O3+3H2O

Cu(OH)2CuO+H2O

八、盐

(1)、氧化性

2FeCl3+Fe=3FeCl22FeCl3+Cu=2FeCl2+CuCl2

(用于雕刻铜线路版)

2FeCl3+Zn=2FeCl2+ZnCl2

Fe2(SO4)3+2Ag=FeSO4+Ag2SO4(较难反应)

Fe(NO3)3+Ag 不反应

2FeCl3+H2S=2FeCl2+2HCl+S

2FeCl3+2KI=2FeCl2+2KCl+I2

FeCl2+Mg=Fe+MgCl2

(2)、还原性

2FeCl2+Cl2=2FeCl3

3Na2S+8HNO3(稀)=6NaNO3+2NO+3S+4H2O

3Na2SO3+2HNO3(稀)=3Na2SO4+2NO+H2O

2Na2SO3+O2=2Na2SO4

(3)、与碱性物质的作用

MgCl2+2NH3·H2O=Mg(OH)2+NH4Cl

AlCl3+3NH3·H2O=Al(OH)3+3NH4Cl

FeCl3+3NH3·H2O=Fe(OH)3+3NH4Cl

(4)、与酸性物质的作用

Na3PO4+HCl=Na2HPO4+NaCl

Na2HPO4+HCl=NaH2PO4+NaCl

NaH2PO4+HCl=H3PO4+NaCl

Na2CO3+HCl=NaHCO3+NaCl

NaHCO3+HCl=NaCl+H2O+CO2

3Na2CO3+2AlCl3+3H2O=2Al(OH)3+3CO2+6NaCl

3Na2CO3+2FeCl3+3H2O=2Fe(OH)3+3CO2+6NaCl

3NaHCO3+AlCl3=Al(OH)3+3CO2

3NaHCO3+FeCl3=Fe(OH)3+3CO2

3Na2S+Al2(SO4)3+6H2O=2Al(OH)3+3H2S

3NaAlO2+AlCl3+6H2O=4Al(OH)3

(5)、不稳定性

Na2S2O3+H2SO4=Na2SO4+S+SO2+H2O

NH4Cl=NH3+HCl

NH4HCO3=NH3+H2O+CO2

2KNO3=2KNO2+O2

2Cu(NO3)22CuO+4NO2+O2

2KMnO4K2MnO4+MnO2+O2

2KClO32KCl+3O2

2NaHCO3Na2CO3+H2O+CO2

Ca(HCO3)2CaCO3+H2O+CO2

CaCO3CaO+CO2MgCO3MgO+CO2

九、其他方程式

1、AlCl3 + 4NaOH = NaAlO2 + 3NaCl +2H2O

2、Al4C3 + 12H2O = 4Al(OH)3↓ + 3CH4↑ 

(碳化物 氮化物的水解)

3、3K2MnO4 + 2CO2 = 2KMnO4 + MnO2↓+ 2K2CO3

4、AgNO3 + NaCl = AgCl↓ + NaNO3

 2AgCl=2Ag + Cl2↑(见光或受热)  

5、2Br2 + 3Na2CO3 + H2O = 2NaHCO3

+ 2NaBrO + 2NaBr + CO2↑  

Br2 + NaHCO3 = NaBr + HBrO + CO2

6、2FeCl3 + SO2 + 2H2O = 2FeCl2 + H2SO4 + 2HCl   

BaCl2 + H2SO4 = BaSO4↓ + 2HCl

7、Ca(H2PO4)2 + 2Ca(OH)2 = Ca3(PO4)2↓ + 4H2O

8、4KO2 + 2CO2 = 2K2CO3 + 3O2

9、SOCl2 + H2O = 2HCl + SO2

10、HIO + HCl = ICl + H2O    

 HIO + NaOH = NaIO + H2O   

11、NH2Cl + H2O = NH3 + HClO 

12、Cu2(OH)2CO3 + 4CH3COOH =

2(CH3COO)2Cu + CO2↑+ 3H2O

    (CH3COO)2Cu + Fe = Cu + (CH3COO)2Fe

13、6NO + 4NH3 5N2 + 6H2O  

14、3BrF3 + 5H2O = 9HF + HBrO3 + O2↑+ Br2

15、As2O3 + 6Zn + 12HCl = 2AsH↑ + 6ZnCl2 + 3H2

16、3As2S3 + 28HNO3 + 4H2O = 6H3AsO4 + 9H2SO4 + 28NO↑ 

17、Na2SO3 + SO2 + H2O = 2NaHSO3

2NaHSO3Na2SO3 + SO2↑ + H2O

18、P2O5 + 2NaOH = 2NaPO3 + H2O    

 P2O5 + 6NaOH = 2Na3PO3 + 3H2O  

19、3Na2S + As2S5 = 2Na3AsS4

Na2S + SnS2 = Na2SnS3

20、(CN)2 + 2H2S →  

21、(SCN)2 + 2NaOH = NaSCN + NaSCNO + H2

22、HCl + KOH = KCl + H2O   

 2HI + PbO = PbI2 + H2O

23、P4(固) + 5O2(气) = P4O10(固) + 4Q kJ

24、S(固) + O2(气) = SO2(气) + 296 kJ

25、2H2(气) + O2(气) = 2H2O(液) + 511.9 kJ

26、C2H6O(液) + 3O2(气) = 2CO2 + 3H2O(液) + 2Q

27、4Al(固) + 3O2(气) = 2Al2O3(固) + 3349.3 kJ

28、3Fe2+ + NO3 + 4H+ = 3Fe3+ + NO↑ + 2H2O

29、2S2― + SO32― +6H+ = 3S↓ + 3H2O

30、SiO32― + 2NH4+ = H2SiO3↓ + 2NH3

31、3H2O2 + 2CrO2 + 2OH = 2CrO42― + 4H2O

32、Al3+ + 2SO42― + 2Ba2+ + 4OH = 

2BaSO4↓ + AlO2 + 2H2O

33、Fe2O3 + 6H+ +2I = 2Fe2+ + I2 + 3H2O

34、Al3+ + 3HCO3 = Al(OH)3 ↓+ 3CO2

35、2H+ + [Ag(NH3)2]+ = Ag+ + 2NH4+

36、HS + OH = S2― + H2O

37、AsO43― + 2I + 2H+ = AsO33― + I2 + H2

38、Cr2O72― + 6Fe2+ + 14H+ = 2Cr3+ + 6Fe3+ + 7H2

39、2I + Cl2 = 2Cl + I2

 I2 + SO2 + 2H2O = SO42― + 2I + 4H+

  SO42― + Ba2+ = BaSO4↓  

40、2I + 2ClO + 4H+ = I2 + Cl2↑ + 2H2O   

I2 + SO32― + H2O = SO42― + 2H+ + 2I

41、2Fe2+ + 4Br + 3Cl2 = 2Fe3+ + 2Br2 + 6Cl

42、2MnO4 + 5H2O2 + 6H+ = 2Mn2+ + 8H2O + 5O2

43、3S2― + 16BrO3 + 24OH =

 15SO42― + 16Br + 12H2O

44、3Ca2+ + 6H2PO4 + 12OH =

 Ca3(PO4)↓ + 12H2O + 4PO43―

45、4H+ + NO3 + 3Fe2+ = 3Fe3+ + NO↑ + 2H2O   

 Fe3+ + SCN = [Fe(SCN)]2+

46、2Na + 2H2O = 2Na+ + 2OH + H2↑       

 Fe2+ + 2OH = Fe(OH)2↓  

 4Fe(OH)2 + O2 + 2H2O = 4Fe(OH)3

47、S2O32― + 2H+ = S↓ + SO2 + H2O

48、KAl(SO4)2 == K+ + Al3+ + 2SO42―

49、NaHSO4 = Na+ + HSO4

50、NH4HS = NH4+ + HS

51、对KCl溶液,阳极:2Cl - 2e = Cl2↑   

 阴极:2H + 2e = H2

对CuSO4溶液,阳极:4OH - 4e = 2H2O + O2

  阴极:2Cu2+ + 4e = 2Cu

52、负极:2H2 – 4e = 4H+     正极:O2 + 2H2O + 4e = 4OH

53、负极:2Zn – 4e = 2Zn2+

正极:O2 + 2H2O + 4e = 4OH     4OH + 4H+ = H2O

54、负极:Zn – 2e = Zn2+

正极: Ag2O + H2O + 2e = 2Ag + 2OH

2NaCl + 2H2 2NaOH + H2↑+ Cl2

2NO + O2 = 2NO2

2H2O2 2H2O + O2

有机化学反应方程式:

1、甲烷的主要化学性质

(1)氧化反应CH4(g)+2O2(g) CO2(g)+2H2O(l)

(2)取代反应

2、乙烯的乙烯的主要化学性质

(1)氧化反应:C2H4+3O2 2CO2+2H2O

(2)加成反应

乙烯还可以和氢气、氯化氢、水等发生加成反应。

CH2=CH2 + H23CH3

CH2=CH2+HClCH3CH2Cl(一氯乙烷)

CH2=CH2+H2OCH3CH2OH(乙醇)

3、苯的主要化学性质

(1)氧化反应2C6H6+15O2 12CO2+6H2O

(2)取代反应

2+HBr

② 苯与硝酸(用HONO2表示)发生取代反应,生成无色、不溶于水、有苦杏仁气味、密度大于水的油状液体——硝基苯。

2+H2O

(3)加成反应

用镍做催化剂,苯与氢发生加成反应,生成环己烷。

+3H2

4、乙醇的重要化学性质

(1)乙醇与金属钠的反应

2CH3CH2OH+2Na2CH3CH2ONa+H2

(2)乙醇的氧化反应

①乙醇的燃烧 :CH3CH2OH+3O2 2CO2+3H2O

②乙醇的催化氧化反应

2CH3CH2OH+O2 2CH3CHO+2H2O

乙醛③乙醇在常温下的氧化反应

CH3CH2OHCH3COOH

5、乙酸的重要化学性质

(1)乙酸的酸性

①乙酸能使紫色石蕊试液变红

②乙酸能与碳酸盐反应,生成二氧化碳气体

利用乙酸的酸性,可以用乙酸来除去水垢(主要成分是CaCO3):

2CH3COOH+CaCO33COO)2Ca+H2O+CO2

乙酸还可以与碳酸钠反应,也能生成二氧化碳气体:

2CH3COOH+Na2CO33COONa+H2O+CO2

上述两个反应都可以证明乙酸的酸性比碳酸的酸性强。

(2)乙酸的酯化反应

①反应原理

乙酸与乙醇反应的主要产物乙酸乙酯是一种无色、有香味、密度比水的小、不溶于水的油状液体。

6C12H22O11+H2O→C6H12O6+C6H12O6

7、油脂的重要化学性质——水解反应

(1)油脂在酸性条件下的水解

油脂+H2O甘油+高级脂肪酸

(2)油脂在碱性条件下的水解(又叫皂化反应)

油脂+H2O甘油+高级脂肪酸

蛋白质+H2O各种氨基酸

1(苯与溴单质反应见前)2、

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

18.

19.

20.

21.

高中化学中各种颜色所包含的物质

1. 红色:铜、Cu2O、品红溶液、酚酞在碱性溶液中、石蕊在酸性溶液中、液溴(深棕红)、红磷(暗红)、苯酚被空气氧化、Fe2O3、(FeSCN)2+(血红)

2.橙色:、溴水及溴的有机溶液(视浓度,黄—橙)

3.黄色(1)淡黄色:硫单质、过氧化钠、溴化银、TNT、实验制得的不纯硝基苯、

(2)黄色:碘化银、黄铁矿(FeS2)、*磷酸银(Ag3PO4)工业盐酸(含Fe3+)、久置的浓硝酸(含NO2)

(3)棕黄:FeCl3溶液、碘水(黄棕褐色)

4.棕色:固体FeCl3、CuCl2(铜与氯气生成棕色烟)、NO2气(红棕)、溴蒸气(红棕)

5.褐色:碘酒、氢氧化铁(红褐色)、刚制得的溴苯(溶有Br2)

6.绿色:氯化铜溶液、碱式碳酸铜、硫酸亚铁溶液或绿矾晶体(浅绿)、氯气或氯水(黄绿色) 、氟气(淡黄绿色)

7.蓝色:胆矾、氢氧化铜沉淀(淡蓝)、淀粉遇碘、石蕊遇碱性溶液、硫酸铜溶液

8.紫色:高锰酸钾溶液(紫红)、碘(紫黑)、碘的四氯化碳溶液(紫红)、碘蒸气

高中化学之最

1、常温下其单质有颜色气体的元素是F、Cl  

2 、单质与水反应最剧烈的非金属元素是F  

3 、其最高价氧化物的水化物酸性最强的元素是Cl

4、其单质是最易液化的气体的元素是Cl

5、其氢化物沸点最高的非金属元素是 O   

6、其单质是最轻的金属元素是Li

7、常温下其单质呈液态的非金属元素是Br

8、熔点最小的金属是Hg

9、其气态氢化物最易溶于水的元素是N

10、导电性最强的金属是Ag         

11、相对原子质量最小的原子是H

12、人体中含量最多的元素是O     

13、日常生活中应用最广泛的金属是Fe 

14、组成化合物种类最多的元素是C    

15、天然存在最硬的物质是金刚石 

16、金属活动顺序表中活动性最强的金属是K 

17、地壳中含量最多的金属元素是Al    

18、地壳中含量最多的非金属元素是O

19、空气中含量最多的物质是氮气       

20、最简单的有机物是甲烷

21、相同条件下密度最小的气体是氢气   

22、相对分子质量最小的氧化物是水

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  122. /www/wwwroot/yeyulingfeng.com/vendor/topthink/think-orm/src/db/concern/TableFieldInfo.php ( 2.63 KB )
  123. /www/wwwroot/yeyulingfeng.com/vendor/topthink/think-orm/src/db/concern/Transaction.php ( 2.77 KB )
  124. /www/wwwroot/yeyulingfeng.com/vendor/topthink/framework/src/think/log/driver/File.php ( 5.96 KB )
  125. /www/wwwroot/yeyulingfeng.com/vendor/topthink/framework/src/think/contract/LogHandlerInterface.php ( 0.86 KB )
  126. /www/wwwroot/yeyulingfeng.com/vendor/topthink/framework/src/think/log/Channel.php ( 3.89 KB )
  127. /www/wwwroot/yeyulingfeng.com/vendor/topthink/framework/src/think/event/LogRecord.php ( 1.02 KB )
  128. /www/wwwroot/yeyulingfeng.com/vendor/topthink/think-helper/src/Collection.php ( 16.47 KB )
  129. /www/wwwroot/yeyulingfeng.com/vendor/topthink/framework/src/think/facade/View.php ( 1.70 KB )
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  1. CONNECT:[ UseTime:0.000721s ] mysql:host=172.18.0.4;port=3306;dbname=no_yeyulingfeng;charset=utf8mb4
  2. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `fenlei` [ RunTime:0.001218s ]
  3. SELECT * FROM `fenlei` WHERE `fid` = 0 [ RunTime:0.000387s ]
  4. SELECT * FROM `fenlei` WHERE `fid` = 63 [ RunTime:0.000330s ]
  5. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `set` [ RunTime:0.000641s ]
  6. SELECT * FROM `set` [ RunTime:0.000289s ]
  7. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `article` [ RunTime:0.000808s ]
  8. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` = 490991 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000810s ]
  9. UPDATE `article` SET `lasttime` = 1789863935 WHERE `id` = 490991 [ RunTime:0.003984s ]
  10. SELECT * FROM `fenlei` WHERE `id` = 460 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000325s ]
  11. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` < 490991 ORDER BY `id` DESC LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000427s ]
  12. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` > 490991 ORDER BY `id` ASC LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000358s ]
  13. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` < 490991 ORDER BY `id` DESC LIMIT 10 [ RunTime:0.000767s ]
  14. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` < 490991 ORDER BY `id` DESC LIMIT 10,10 [ RunTime:0.000834s ]
  15. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` < 490991 ORDER BY `id` DESC LIMIT 20,10 [ RunTime:0.000595s ]
0.086416s